9 channels
Cuban television operates under a state monopoly, and you feel it in every aspect of the viewing experience. There are no private broadcasters, every one of the nine national channels is controlled by the Cuban Institute of Radio and Television (ICRT). The most-watched is Cubavisión, which blends government bulletins, telenovelas, and variety shows. The evening news, Noticiero Nacional de la Televisión, runs at 8 p.m. sharp and delivers a carefully curated view of national and world events, heavy on agricultural output, diplomatic visits, and denunciations of the U.S. embargo. Sports are the biggest draw beyond news. Baseball is religion here, and when the national series or World Baseball Classic plays, bars and living rooms fall silent around the feed. The state also runs an educational channel (Canal Educativo) that beams instructional programming into schools and homes, a holdover from the 1960s literacy campaign. Music television is surprisingly lively: Canal Habano and Tropicana (a channel, not the cabaret) play traditional trova, timba, and nueva trova, often live from Havana clubs. Because internet access is limited and expensive, broadcast TV still commands huge primetime audiences. That said, many Cubans bypass national channels entirely by watching pirated satellite feeds or USB-loaded content, a shadow TV culture that mirrors the country's offline file-sharing network, the "paquete semanal."
